2nd Edit: the problem was not the PSU but either the motherboard or the CPU. I installed a USB expansion card with an internal USB 3 header that has narrowed down the issue. I am aware that early Ryzen chips had issues with USB reliability, so maybe the Trixie update installed a new chipset driver that caused this. Either way I'm saving for an upgrade so hopefully won't be an issue too much longer.
Edit: I've now tested in other OSes and had the same issue. So it's probably just a poorly timed hardware issue.
Since I updated my desktop to Debian 13, my external SSDs (Over 1TB) are only detected by gnome-disks as "no media". They also bring down my other USB drives if I leave the unrecognised SSDs plugged in while trying to make other transfers. All these drives work in Debian 12 on my laptop.
I've checked dmesg for my external SSD:
`[ 1801.737164] usb 1-4: new high-speed USB device number 7 using xhci_hcd
[ 1801.909543] usb 1-4: New USB device found, idVendor=152d, idProduct=0580, bcdDevice= 2.14
[ 1801.909549] usb 1-4: New USB device strings: Mfr=1, Product=2, SerialNumber=3
[ 1801.909551] usb 1-4: Product: PX10
[ 1801.909552] usb 1-4: Manufacturer: SP
[ 1801.909554] usb 1-4: SerialNumber: 2405185321200000000D
[ 1801.946647] scsi host41: uas
[ 1801.947031] scsi 41:0:0:0: Direct-Access SP PX10 0214 PQ: 0 ANSI: 6
[ 1801.949657] sd 41:0:0:0: Attached scsi generic sg7 type 0
[ 1803.041153] usb 2-3: USB disconnect, device number 2
[ 1813.106975] sd 41:0:0:0: [sdg] Unit Not Ready
[ 1813.106981] sd 41:0:0:0: [sdg] Sense Key : Hardware Error [current]
[ 1813.106984] sd 41:0:0:0: [sdg] ASC=0x44 <>ASCQ=0x81
[ 1813.107229] sd 41:0:0:0: [sdg] Read Capacity(16) failed: Result: hostbyte=DID_OK driverbyte=DRIVER_OK
[ 1813.107232] sd 41:0:0:0: [sdg] Sense Key : Hardware Error [current]
[ 1813.107235] sd 41:0:0:0: [sdg] ASC=0x44 <>ASCQ=0x81
[ 1813.107549] sd 41:0:0:0: [sdg] Read Capacity(10) failed: Result: hostbyte=DID_OK driverbyte=DRIVER_OK
[ 1813.107552] sd 41:0:0:0: [sdg] Sense Key : Hardware Error [current]
[ 1813.107555] sd 41:0:0:0: [sdg] ASC=0x44 <>ASCQ=0x81
[ 1813.107631] sd 41:0:0:0: [sdg] 0 512-byte logical blocks: (0 B/0 B)
[ 1813.107634] sd 41:0:0:0: [sdg] 0-byte physical blocks
[ 1813.107872] sd 41:0:0:0: [sdg] Test WP failed, assume Write Enabled
[ 1813.107952] sd 41:0:0:0: [sdg] Asking for cache data failed
[ 1813.107955] sd 41:0:0:0: [sdg] Assuming drive cache: write through
[ 1813.108195] sd 41:0:0:0: [sdg] Preferred minimum I/O size 4096 bytes not a multiple of physical block size (0 bytes)
[ 1813.108198] sd 41:0:0:0: [sdg] Optimal transfer size 33553920 bytes not a multiple of physical block size (0 bytes)
[ 1813.108560] sd 41:0:0:0: [sdg] Attached SCSI disk`
I'd assume the issue is corruption in my SSD, but it's happening with two different drives.
OP specified over 1TB. OP does that mean that a drive under 1TB works fine?
I had written half the post before I got the idea that the large SSDs were causing my smaller USBs to fail too. Unfortunately that doesn't seem to be the case. Further testing indicates that my 128GB USB drive doesn't work, but a 32 GB one with Ventoy does work.
It doesn't appear to be a specific chipset as when the drives show up in gnome-disks I can see the chipset. The two that I just tested are Realtek and Phison.
Might indicate that the chip requires more current (power) than it requests or the system provides. As your hardware didn't change by upgrading to trixie, it's probably a driver issue.
Unfortunately, the only solution for that error I could find was for RHEL and thus behind a paywall. I hope you have more luck.
Edit: Some chips in usb ssd cases use the
usb_storagedriver instead ofuaswhich sometimes causes problems:https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?id=280390
That's the rabbit hole I was starting to go down. I've finally had some time to do more testing and the issue also occurs in windows and a live cd. So I'm assuming it's a hardware issue, although the 5v rail on my PSU is reading right on 5v when unloaded. I'll start replacing parts.