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Adenosine is not a "waste product of neurons" in the sense it's being painted. It's a byproduct of energy production in all our cells, and what it does depends on the derivative - for example adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is used by the mitochondria in our cells for energy production! It then degrades into adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and from there into the CNS-depressing adenosine (or, it can be upregulated back "up the chain" by adding another phosphor to it).
As plain adenosine it can depress the central nervous system, resulting in feeling sleepy, slowing heart rate, etc, but adenosine levels are regulated closely by the body and the idea they can "build up until we die" due to lack of sleep is patently ridiculous. This article is a gross oversimplification that demonises a critical compound for no reason.
This article covers the detrimental results of adenosine overproduction in the body: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6398520/
While Wikipedia describes the compound more generally: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine
It's referring to plain adenosine. When adenosine builds up in the brain, the only way for the brain to get rid of the accumulation of it is by sleeping because it activates the glymphatic system, where CSF is used to flush out the waste/byproducts. If you don't sleep, the adenosine continues to accumulate in the brain with nowhere to go.
Incorrect, the body reuptakes adenosine readily as part of the respiratory cycle. In the absence of external administration, it is physically impossible to build up so much adenosine that it can kill you precisely because it is so readily downregulated to inosine by ADK, or upregulated to AMP and ATP through phosphorylation.
You might be thinking of other toxic substances that build up as part of respiration; some of those like amyloid beta plaques (once thought to play a role in Alzheimer's and other neurodegenerative diseases, but maybe not) are only cleared by the glymphatic system.
I recommend reading the last paragraph of your article again, as it doesn't actually say adenosine is responsible. It just says that adenosine makes you sleepy, and sleeping helps clear toxic buildup from the brain via the glymphatic system (which is true). The wording is just bad and implies adenosine is one of those toxic substances.