dfyx

joined 2 years ago
[–] dfyx@lemmy.helios42.de 30 points 4 months ago (6 children)

I'll give it a shot. Not quite ELI5 but "Explain like I know what a phone number is". For the most important answer, see the last paragraph.

IP addresses are a bit like phone numbers. To send data to some computer, your computer attaches that number and sends the data packet on its way. With IPv4, an address is four bytes long, usually represented as four numbers from 0-255 separated with dots. That gives us a bit under 4.3 billion possible addresses which seemed enough when the system was invented and larger organizations could even reserve entire address ranges and some ranges got reserved for special purposes (for example, all 127.x.x.x addresses mean "send this to myself" while 192.168.x.x and 10.x.x.x are meant for local, non-public networks). Reserving these ranges is convinient when you need multiple machines connected to the internet but is very inefficient as these ranges need to be a power of two in size (256 is common), so you may get more addresses than you need and the rest stays unused.

The first solution was "Network Address Translation" (NAT). Basically, every household or organization gets a single public IPv4 address and every device on your network has a private address. On outgoing connections, your router replaces the (private) sender address with its public address and remembers which private address belongs to that connection so it can correctly forward any replies. For incoming connections, the router needs a list of rules to tell it what to do. For example something like "Everything on port 80 goes to 192.168.0.42". This worked for a while as most people make only outgoing connections and even many organizations can simply decide locally what to do with an incoming connection based on the received data so they wouldn't need multiple addresses.

After a while, it was clear that even with this workaround we would run out of addresses sooner or later. Providers tried giving their customers a different address every time they connected to the internet so they could reuse the address for someone else when the customer disconnected. This worked well when people only connected when they needed it but these days we're usually online 24/7.

So in the end, the only solution was to add more addresses. For our current needs, doubling the length would be more than enough but to be on the safe side, it was decided to quadruple the address length to a total of 16 bytes. This gives us about 340 undecillion unique addresses. Still not enough to give a unique address to every atom in the universe, not even enough for every atom on earth but still a lot. We can give every human an address range many times larger than the total address space of IPv4.

Does this mean that NAT is dead or that all your devices are visible from outside your network? Absolutely not. It means you can do that if you want. If your provider gives you a large address range, you can give each of your devices a different one and tell your router to forward everything. But you can also still use a single public address and/or tell your router to apply certain rules for what to do with incoming connections. There are also still address ranges that are meant purely for local use, equivalent to what 192.168.x.x and 10.x.x.x were in IPv4.

[–] dfyx@lemmy.helios42.de 9 points 4 months ago

Last week I found out that there are off-brand batteries for my DSLR cameras that can be charged directly through USB-C so I don't have to pack a different charger for every camera. Let that sink in!

Overall pretty great, in a pinch I can charge my laptop on a Nintendo Switch power supply. Now if I could just upgrade the last few remaining Micro-USB and Lightning devices without spending a fortune...

[–] dfyx@lemmy.helios42.de 7 points 4 months ago* (last edited 4 months ago) (2 children)

Polarion. Wouldn't recommend it but it's what my employer wants me to use.

For personal stuff, I use a private MediaWiki instance (same software that runs Wikipedia) as my external brain.

[–] dfyx@lemmy.helios42.de 2 points 4 months ago* (last edited 4 months ago)

While I might even agree with you on the lack of discipline, I think you may be overcompensating, especially considering your son being 15 already.

Now, I may be biased as someone who has spent most of his waking time since teenage years figuring out how to convince computers to do my bidding but a daily screen time of just two hours doesn't seem enough to build proper media literacy and an understanding of how modern technology actually works which to me is a serious concern in a world where almost every job requires us to interact with that technology. And a curfew that's significantly more strict than what his friends have to obay will eventually make him an outsider.

We don't know the full story and maybe he is happy with your methods but please please please talk to him about his feelings. I've seen hundreds if not thousands of young people who loathe their parents for their strict parenting methods but are too afraid to say something for fear of being punished with even stricter rules. Then, the second they turn 18, they break all ties and never look back.

[–] dfyx@lemmy.helios42.de 8 points 4 months ago (1 children)

How was your own upbringing? In hindsight, what do you wish your parents would have done differently?

[–] dfyx@lemmy.helios42.de 1 points 4 months ago (1 children)

See my first bullet point:

“I don’t like either option”: pick the lesser evil or vote third party

[–] dfyx@lemmy.helios42.de 21 points 4 months ago

There are 36 million Ukrainians. I doubt you'll find any property that they all have in common, except for being humans.

[–] dfyx@lemmy.helios42.de 10 points 4 months ago

Honestly, that was the option I had hoped for when I made that joke. I‘m happy for you.

[–] dfyx@lemmy.helios42.de 59 points 4 months ago* (last edited 4 months ago) (12 children)

So? What are those reasons?

  • "I don't like either option": pick the lesser evil or vote third party
  • "But Harris won't stop the genocide in Palestine": neither will Trump.
  • "My vote wouldn't change anything": it would. See OP.
  • "I can't vote because I have to work": vote by mail. Demand that elections are held on a Sunday or national holiday like in most other western democracies. (As an aside, I wonder why conservatives haven't pushed for this yet. Voting on a Sunday and setting up polling stations next to churches would probably help them a lot)
  • "I can't vote because I can't physically get to a polling station (disabled, sick, too far)": vote by mail
  • "I can't vote because my state's ruling party won't let me": you should be furious about this and do anything in your power to change this.

Did I forget any? Probably. Enough to change the election outcome in the majority of states? Most certainly not.

Yes, the US have some fucked up rules that make voting hard for some people and for that exact reason urgently need a voting system reform. Make voting easier and make changes that break the two party system.

Honestly, here in Germany we're infamous for still using fax machines for half our bureaucracy and even we manage to do it better than you. Here, elections are always on a Sunday when the vast majority of voters has the day off. Every elegible citizen gets a letter a couple of weeks before the election, informing them of their assigned polling station, based on their primary home address. If for any reason you can't be at your assigned polling station on election day (you work on Sundays, are on vacation, whatever), requesting a mail-in ballot is as easy as going to a website and entering your address and a PIN from the letter. Alternatively you can request one by mail. If for any reason you don't get that initial letter, figure out which polling station is the correct one for you (usually the closest one; ask your neighbors), show up on election day and show some government-issued ID. Done.

[–] dfyx@lemmy.helios42.de 11 points 4 months ago (2 children)

Sooo... have you decided yet, which one you want to be?

[–] dfyx@lemmy.helios42.de 6 points 4 months ago

Even worse: with an odd number of sides, there are cases where none is up.

[–] dfyx@lemmy.helios42.de 8 points 4 months ago* (last edited 4 months ago)

For me, the key was finding a regular time during the day when I do the lessons. That's why I recommended you do it during the ad breaks.

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